Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures.
It affects individuals by making bones more porous and fragile, making them susceptible to breaks even during routine activities such as walking or standing.
The condition is particularly prevalent among older adults, with approximately 50% of women over the age of 50 experiencing a fracture related to osteoporosis in their lifetime. [1]
Pathophysiology
The internal structure of bones changes significantly during the aging process. While the outer shape may appear normal, the inside becomes increasingly porous due to a loss of calcium and phosphate, essential minerals for bone health.
The disease progresses silently, often going unnoticed until a fracture occurs, which can happen spontaneously, particularly in the spine.
A common symptom associated with vertebral fractures is sudden or gradual back pain, which may lead to noticeable height loss or the development of a stooped posture, also known as a “dowager’s hump.”
Risk Factors
Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. These include being female, elderly, having a family history of the disease, low body weight, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain ethnic backgrounds with higher rates of low bone mass.. Additionally, prolonged immobilization, such as in paraplegia, can lead to significant bone mass loss, reinforcing the necessity of weight-bearing activities to maintain bone density.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Diagnosis of osteoporosis typically involves bone density measurements, most commonly using a DEXA scan, which evaluates the mineral density of the bones in the spine and hip.
This diagnostic tool helps in assessing bone loss and predicting the risk of fractures.
Other diagnostic measures may include blood tests to evaluate hormone levels and markers of bone metabolism.
Prevention and Treatment
Preventative measures are crucial for managing osteoporosis. These include maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, along with engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise.
In terms of treatment, various medications can be utilized, such as anti-resorptive agents and anabolic steroids, which can help to improve bone density and reduce fracture risk.
Overall, addressing lifestyle factors, along with medical interventions, can significantly influence the progression and impact of osteoporosis on individuals’ lives.
[1] https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/osteoporosis-info/
